IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL THEORY OF CLASS 11TH

FROM CHAPTER-3 EQUALITY

Q.1- What is equality?

Ans. Equality is not always about treating everyone the same – it is about treating people in such a way that the outcome for each person can be the same. It is about ensuring that every individual has an equal opportunity to make the most of their lives and talents, and believing that no one should have poorer life chances because of where, what or whom they were born, what they believe, or whether they have a disability. Equality recognises that historically, certain groups of people with particular characteristics e.g. race, disability, sex and sexuality, have experienced discrimination. 

Q.2-What’s the difference between natural and social inequalities?Ans- 

•  Natural inequalities are those that emerge between people as a result of their different capabilities and talents. These kinds of inequalities are considered to be the result of the different characteristics and abilities with which people are born and it is generally assumed that natural differences cannot be altered.

    For example- Physically disabled person,etc.

• Social inequalities on the other hand are those created by society. Certain societies may,for instance, value those who perform intellectual work over those who do manual work and reward them differently. They may treat differently people of different race,caste,gender,colour,etc. So,this we called social inequalities.

 Q.3-What are the three dimensions of equality?
  Ans. Three dimensions of equality are: Economic, Social                  and Political Equality.

•     Political equality means granting equal citizenship to all members of the state equal citizenship provides certain basic rights such as right to vote, freedom of expression movement and association and freedom of belief to everybody. They can participate in the affairs of the country.      

•     Social equality means provision of equality in society. Equality of opportunities need to be provided so that minimum quality of life can be achieved.
• 
  
•     Economic equality means granting equal economic opportunities to all.

Q.4- Explain feminism?

FEMINISM

Ans. Feminism started with the idea that human rights should be given to women. This idea was put forward by some philosophers in the 18th and 19th centuries such as Mary  Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill. Feminism is a political doctrine of equal rights for women and men. Feminists are those men and women who believe that many of inequalities we see in society between men and women are neither natural nor necessary and can be altered so that both women and men can lead free and equal lives.

Q.5-What is Marxism?

KARL MARX

Ans. Marxism is an economic and social system based upon the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism is the system of socialism of which the dominant feature is public ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange.

Q.6- Explain term socialism?

Ans. Socialism is an economic theory of social organisation that believes that the means of making, moving, and trading wealth should be owned or controlled by the community as a whole. In Marxist theory, it is a transitional (temporary, in between) social state between capitalism and communism.

SOCIALISM IDEOLOGY

Q.7- Explain affirmative action?

         Ans. Affirmative action is a policy initiative in which a person's nationality, sex, religion, and caste are taken into account by a company or a government organisation to extend employment or education opportunities. By initiatives like these, the government plans to increase opportunities provided to underprivileged citizens. Affirmative action policies are aimed at increasing opportunities for those groups of people which have been neglected by the society. They are mainly focused on providing employment and education opportunities. For example- reservation in jobs to OBC/SC/ST.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL THEORY OF CLASS 11TH

FROM CHAPTER-2 FREEDOM

Q.1- What is freedom?

Ans- : The simplest definition of freedom is the state of being free. Freedom is a state of mind in which one is completely free. Freedom is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint, and the absence of a despotic government.Freedom leads to happiness and liberty. This liberty and happiness can also be observed in our various fundamental rights. This includes right to freedom of expression, freedom of fundamental rights, freedom of speech, etc.

Q.2- What do we mean by swaraj ?
Ans. Swaraj can mean generally self-governance or "self-rule".Swaraj in the context of the freedom struggle in India referred to freedom as a constitutional and political demand and as a value at the social-collective level.According to Gandhi Swaraj is not just freedom but liberation in redeeming one’s self respect,self-resposibility and capacities for self-realisation from institutions of dehumanization.Gandhiji described the meaning of swaraj in his book “Hind Swaraj” wrote in 1909.

Q.3- Explain Harm Principle?
Ans. The harm principle is a theory by British philosopher John Stuart Mill that states that a government or society does not have the right to prevent people from actions unless the actions are harmful to others in society.

"The only purpose for which power can be rightly exercised over any member of a civilized community against his will, is to prevent harm to others."--John Stuart Mill, On Liberty.

Q.4- Explain liberalism?
Ans. Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberalism is a group of political, social and economic theories that centers on the values of individual liberty, equality, economic freedom, limited and democratic government and the rule of law.It has different meaning in economical and political sphere-

1. Economic: Concept that a government should not try to control prices, rents, and/or wages but instead let open competition and forces of demand and supply create an equilibrium between them that benefits the vast majority of citizens. It differs from the doctrine of laissez faire in its acceptance of the government intervention to control creation and spread of monopolies and in distribution of public good. Economic liberalism, in general, favors redistribution of income through taxes and welfare payments.

2. Political: Concept that the preservation of individual liberty and maximization of freedom of choice should be the primary aim of a representative government. 

Q.5-Name two ideals of freedom and their books?

Ans. Nelson Mandela fought for his country(South Africa) against apartheid regime and for this spended  28 years of his life in jail .Whereas Aung San Suu Kyi remains under house arrest in Myanmar for freedom.

Nelson Mandela book name is Long Walk To Freedom and Aung San Suu kyi book name is Freedom From Fear.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE OF CLASS 11TH

FROM CHAPTER-10 THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE CONSTITUTION

Q.1-What do we mean by political philosophy approach to the constitution?

 Ans. Constitution is not only a set of rules and regulations but it also shows the norms and  principles on which the state is run. So, there is a definite link between moral values and laws.
So, by political philosophy we mean that :

a.   It explains the conceptual structure of the constitution. It helps us to understand the meanings of terms like 'rights', 'citizenship', or democracy. 

b.  It explains the values on which our constitution is build.

Therefore, political philosophy not only helps in finding the moral value of the law but also it helps to arbitrate between varying interpretations of the values in our polity. This means that political philosophy helps  in giving various interpretations of the law. 

Q.2-Why do we need to go back to the constituent assembly?
Ans. We need to read our constituent assembly debates for following reasons:
a.  It helps in justifying the values embedded in our constitution.
b.  Our history of constitution is still very much history of the present. Its just 62 years back when we have framed our constitution. And we have not separated ourselves from the values, ideals and conception of the world of constituent assembly.
c.  To know the current constitutional practice, their value and their meaning ,we need to go back to constituent assembly debates from time to time.

Q.3-What do you understand from constitution as means of democratic transformation?

Ans. Constitution sets the rules and regulations for the country and this helps in limiting the power of government  and preventing it from turning it into tyrannical form of government. It provides peaceful and democratic means to bring about transformation. It was designed to bring about a change and shed away traditional and conservative ideologies and bring freedom, equality and justice. Therefore, by democratic transformation we mean constitution exists not only to limit people in power but to empower those who have been traditionally deprived of it.

Q.4- What is article 370 of the constitution?

Ans. This article gives the special status to J&K. Article 370 of the Indian constitution is an article that gives autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The article is drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions.

Q.5-Define article 371A of Indian constitution?

Ans. Article 371 (A) is a special provision granted to the state of Nagaland as a partial fulfillment of the 1960 agreement that later created the State in 1963.  In this regard not only the customary law, social practice and belief of the people of Nagaland but also the resources of the state is verdantly remain safeguarded from the intervention of the union government and its various policies unless the State Assembly so decides by resolution.

CLASS 11TH PHYSICAL EDUCATION(EVERGREEN) CHAPTER-4 NOTES

CHAPTER 4- YOGA

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"The very heart of yoga practice is ‘abyhasa’ – steady effort in the direction you want to go.”

–Sally Kempton

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF HISTORY CLASS 11TH

                                  

From C-1 From the beginning of time

 


 Q.1- What is the difference between Hominoids and Hominids?

 Ans.  ⇒  Hominoids

1.Hominoids have large brain.

2.They are quadrupeds walking on four legs.

3.They have flexible forelimbs and marked differences in the hand.

  ⇒ Hominids

1.Hominids have a little brain.

2.Hominids have an upright posture and bipedal locomotion(walking on two feet).

3.They have flexibility in hand,leg and fingers which helped them to make tools and weapons.

Q.2-What is the difference between Australopithecus and homo?

Ans.  ⇒ Australopithecus

1.Small brain size

2.Heavier jaws

3.Larger teeth

       ⇒ Homo

1.Larger brain size

2.Less heavier jaws than Australopithecus

3.Small teeth

Q.3 - What do we mean by positive feedback mechanism?

Ans- Some of the features or developments in the anatomy of early human beings favoured or shaped them to become modern human beings.These developments are together called positive feedback mechanism.

Q.4-Who were homo habilis ,homo erectus and homo sapiens?

Ans-1. Homo habilis – The tool maker(2.4 -1.5 MYA)

       2. Homo erectus - The upright man(1.9 MYA)

       3. Homo sapiens – Wise or thinking

           man(2,00,000 years ago)

Q.5- What are the evidences suggest an African origin for hominids?                                                    

 Ans. There are two evidences suggest an african origin for hominids-

1. First,hominoids is the group of African apes that are most closely related to hominoids.

2.Second,the earliest hominoids fossils,which belong to the australopithecus, have been found in East Africa and date back to about 5.6 mya. In contrast,fossil found outside Africa are no older than 1.8 mya.