IMPORTANT TERMS OF HISTORY

KINGS AND CHRONICLES THE MUGHAL COURTS 

TERMINOLOGY

1)  Chronicles: It is a continuous chronological record of events.

2) Manuscript: The handwritten records.

3) Divine theory of kingship: The king was believed as the representative of God acquired his powers from him and therefore had to be obeyed.

4) Sulh-i-kul: It is state policy of religious tolerance.

5) Jazya: A tax imposed on non Muslims in a lieu of military service.

6) Mansabdar: All royal officers were known as mansabdars.

7) Chahar taslim: A form of salutation to the emperor which is done four times.

8) Tajwiz: A petition presented to the emperor by a nobleman recommend

to the post of a mansabdar

9) Din: Faith

10) Namus: Honour

11) Nastaliq: A fluid style of writing with long horizontal strokes.

12) Diachronic: An account which traces developments over time.

13) Synchronic: It depicts one or several situations at one particular moment.

14) Faer-i-izadi: Light emanating from God

15) Axis Mundi: A latin phrase for a pillar or a pole that is visualised as the support of the Earth.

16) Sijda: Complete prostration (profound salutation)

17) Zaminbos: Kissing the ground.

18) Jharokha: Public audience.

19) Taslim: Mode of salutation, literally means-submission.

20) Diwan-i-am: Public hall of audience.

21) Diwan-i-khas: Private audience. A place where emperor discussed confidential matters.

22) Naqib: Ushers

23) Khilat: Rank of honour

24) Sarapa: 'Head to foot'a gift from emperor that consisted of a tunic, a turban and a sash.

25) Padma-murassa: Lotus blossom set with jewels. It was a gift given by emperor only in exceptional circumstances.

26) Asaf Khan: Title given by emperor to one of the highest ministers to mark his ascent in court hierarchy.

27) Harem: It originated from the Persian word haram, meaning sacred place. The term used to refer to the domestic world of the Mughals.

28) Aghacha: Concubines

29) Khwaja sara: Slave eunuchs

30) Begums: Women who came from royal and aristocratic families.

31) Zat: Position of government officer in imperial hierarchy, and salary of the official(mansabdar).

32) Sawari: It indicated the number of horsemen the mansabdar was required to maintain.

33) Dag: Imperial mark on horses for identification.

 33) Murid: Disciples.

34) Mir Bakshi: Paymaster general.

35) Diwan-i-ala: Finance minister.

36) Tanat rakab: Nobles stationed at the court.

37) Wajianavis: Court writers.

38) Pathmar: Foot runner

39) Mahr: Cash and valuables received by begum on marriage.

40) Pargana: Sub-districts(administrative unit).

41) Qanungo: Keeper of revenue records in parganas.

42) Chahar taslim: It is a mode of salutation which begins with placing the back of the right hand on the ground and raising it gently till the person stands erect when he puts the palm of his hand upon the crown of his head.

43) Shab-i-barat: It is the full moon night on the 14th Shaban, the eighth month of the hijri calender. It is celebrated with prayers and fireworks.

44) Kashish: It was a form of ceremonial salutation in which the courtier placed the palm of his right hand against his forehead and bent his head.

IMPORTANT TERMS OF HISTORY

PEASANTS ZAMINDARS AND THE STATE 

Hey students,these terminology matters a lot if you wanna score good in history class 12th.Many times question of 1 mark or 2 marks,so just go through these words that matter.

TERMINOLOGY

1) Halalkhoran-scavengers

2) Milkiyats: personal lands for zamindars.

3) Daftars: parts of books.

4) Prigha: Unit of land measurement in the time of Akbar.

5) Nahr/Nala: Canals.

6)Do fasla: Two crops in a year.

7)Majur: Labourers.

8) Grihasti: Male head of the household.

9)Jungal: Dense forest.

10)Kharbandi: Scrubland

11)Mawas: Place of refuge for troublemakers.

12)Raiyat: It is used to denote a peasant in Indo-Persian sources.

13)Hasil: It was the actual amount of revenue collected.

14)Khud-kashta: The peasants who were the resident of the village in which they had their lands.

15) Pahi-kashta: The peasants who generally belonged to another village.

16) Shroff: A money changer who aloo acte ase a banker.

17)Amin: The officials that were reaponsibile or imperial regulations.

18) Pargana: An adminstrative subdivision.

19) Jama: The assessed amount to be collected as revenue.

20) Jins-i-Kamil: Cash erops such as sugareane and cotton.

21) Muqaddam mandal: Village headman

22) Peskash: Form of tribute levied by Mughal state on forest people.

IMPORTANT TERMS OF HISTORY

AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL VIJAYANAGARA

Hey students,these terminology matters a lot if you wanna score good in history class 12th.Many times question of 1 mark or 2 marks,so just go through these words that matter.

TERMINOLOGY

1) Yavana: It is a Sanskrit word for the greeks and other peoples who entered the subcontinent from the north west.

2) Shikara: The top or very high roof of the temples it's called Shikhar. Generally it can be seen from a reasonable distance by the visitors of the temple.Under Shikhar we find the idol of main god or goddess.

3) Amra: It is believed to be taken from the Sanskrit word samra meeting battle or war.

4) Gopuram: Huge main entrance gate of the temple is known as gopuram in South India.

5) Shikhar: A spire on a Hindu temple.Or the top of very high roof of the temples.

6) Mandapas: Pavilions and a long pillared corridor that run around the shrine within the temple complex.

7) Nayakas: Military chiefs who usually controlled foods and had armed supporters.

8) Gajapati: Means lord of elephants rulers of Odisha known as gajapati.

9) Narapati: In Vijayanagara empire rayas are called narapati or the lord of man.

10) Ashvapati: In the popular traditions of Vijayanagara,the Deccan are termed as Ashvapati or the lord of horses

IMPORTANT TERMS OF HISTORY

BHAKTI-SUFI TRADITIONS

Hey students,these terminology matters a lot if you wanna score good in history class 12th.Many times question of 1 mark or 2 marks,so just go through these words that matter.

TERMINOLOGY

1)Alvar: Devotees of Vishnu in South India.

2) Avgat: Charitable trust.

3)Dakhani: Variant of Urdu language

4)Great Traditions: The cultural practices of dominant social categories.

5) Integration of cult: Modes of worship.

6)Jagannatha: The lord of the world.

7)Little Traditions: Those traditions which do not correspond with the great traditions.

8) Lurinama: Lullabies.

9) Maktubat: Letters written by sufi saints.

10) Nayanars: Devotees of Shiva in South India.

11)Nirguna Bhakti: Worshipping a shapeless or an abstract form of God.

12) Qawwals: Specially trained musicians.

13) Qual: Arabic word meaning saying. Refers to a hymn sung at the opening or closing.

14) Sagun Bhakti: Bhakti focussed on the worship of Shiva, Vishnu and Devi.

15) Sama: Literally means audition.

16) Sangat: Religious society-assembled in morning and evening to listen Guru serma.

17) Shadinam: Weddings songs.

18) Sharia: The law governing the muslim community. It is based on the Quran and Hadis.

19) Tavaram: Collection of poems in Tamil.

20) Tantricism: Worship of the form of Goddess.

21) Tazkiras: Biographical account of saints.

22) Wali: A sufi who claimed proximity to Allah, acquiring His grace to perform miracles.

23) Zikr: Divine names.

IMPORTANT TERMS OF HISTORY

THINKERS,BELIEFS AND BUILDING

Hey students,these terminology matters a lot if you wanna score good in history class 12th.Many times question of 1 mark or 2 marks,so just go through these words that matter

TERMINOLOGY

1) Ajivikas: Buddhist sects who ware also defined as fataliats.

2) Ashvamedha: A horse, signified as an

yagna, in which a horse was released. Area, which to be covered by the horse signified as an area of king's influence. If horse was captured by someone, he had to fight with the king.

3) Lokyata: A religious sect which is defined as materialists.

4) Rajasuya yagna: A sacrificial ceremony which is performed by chiefs and kings.The rituals were conducted by Brahmanas.

5) Sangha: Organisation of monks.

6) Thupa: Pali word for stupa.

7) Tripitaka: Three books of Buddhist sacred text.

8) Tirthankar: A great teacher in Jainism. Or Literally those who guide men and women across the river of existence.

9) Upanishads: Brahmanical philosophical texts.

10) Kutagarashala: A hut with a pointed roof or in grove where travelling mendicants halted.

11) Hagiography: A biography of a saint or religious leader.

12) Anicca: Transient

13) Anatta: Soulless

14) Dukkha: Sorrow

15) Dhamma: The path of righteous living

16) Bhikkhus: Those people who lived on alms

17) Theris: Respected women who had attained liberation

18) Metta: Fellow feeling

19) Karuna: Compassion

20) Chaitya: Derived from the word chita, meaning a funeral pyre, and by extension funerary mound.

21) Harmika: A balcony like structure that represented the abode of the gods.

22) Yashti: A mast arises from the harmika.

23) Ayudhas: Weapons or auspicious objects the deities hold in their hands..

IMPORTANT TERMS OF HISTORY

BRICKS,BEADS AND BONES

Hey students,these terminology matters a lot if you wanna score good in history class 12th.Many times question of 1 mark or 2 marks,so just go through these words that matter.

TERMINOLOGY

1) Seal: Generally contained animal motifs used to facilitate long-distance communication.

2) Hoards: Objects kept carefully by people, often inside containers such as pots and can be jewellery or metal objects, saved for reuse by metal workers.

3) Stratigraphy: Study of rock layers and laying process.

4) Motif: Name of animal, used by the Harappan on seals to mark some sort of trade mark.

5) Proto-Shiva: A seal that shows a figure seated in a yogic posture surrounded by animals.

6) Lingas: Polished stones which were worshiped as symbols of the God Shiva.

7) Shaman: Groups of men and women who claimed to have magical and healing powers and ability to communicate with the other world.

8) Art: It referred to painting, sculpture, pottery and seal making.

9) Culture: Term used for a group of objects distinctive in style usually found together within a specific geographical area and period of time.

10) Pictographs: Pictures like signs to represent letters or words of Harappan script.

11) Great Bath: Large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on all four sides for bath.

12) Granary: A place for storage of grains.

13) Steatite: A very soft stone was used to make seals.

IMPORTANT TERMS OF HISTORY

KINSHIP,CASTE AND CLASS

Hey students,these terminology matters a lot if you wanna score good in history class 12th.Many times question of 1 mark or 2 marks,so just go through these words that matter.

TERMINOLOGY

1) Endogamy: System of marriage within the unit such as caste, group living in the same locality.

2) Nishada: A hunting community.

3) Gotras: People of the same kin and same Varna.

4) Mahasammata: The great elect chosen by the whole people.

5) Mlechchhas: Literally means barbarians or outsiders, shakas who came from central Asia were known as Mlechachhas by the Brahmanas.

6) Maijhima Nikaya: A Buddhist text in Pali language. It forms a part of a dialogue between a king named Avantiputta and a disciple of Buddha named Kachchana.

7) Chandalas: Untouchables who did menial works.

8) Shrenis: Unions of craftmen and traders in Ancient India. It is also called guilds.

9) Adi parvan: The first section of the Sanskrit version of the Mahabharata.

10) Indra: god of warfare, rains and valour, one of the principle deities in the Rigveda.

11) Dharmasutras: These are the texts composed in Sanskrit by Brahmanas.

12) Polygamy: Practice of having more than one wife.

13) Polyandry: Practice of having more than one husband.

14) Vamsha: Sanskrit word meaning lineage of a person.

15) Jnati: The larger network of kinfolk.

16) Kula: Sanskrit text used to designate families.

17) Puta: A Sanskrit word meaning son.

18)  Stridhana: Literally meaning woman's wealth.

19) Tribute: Periodical payment made by one prince or state to another or by feudatory to the king.

20)  Yajna: A religious act in which members of a family uttered vedic mantras before the sacrificial fire. Later priests came to play an important role in the performance of yajnas.

KINGS AND CHRONICLES

 VSATQ(2 MARKS)

Q.1- Name four essence of the subjects, protected by the Mughal emperor, according to his court historian Abul Fazl. 

Ans. These four essence were: 

(i) (a) Life, (b) Property, (c) Honour, (d) Faith. 

(ii) They were called Jan, Mal, Namus and den. In the protection of this the emperor demanded obedience, and share of resources.

 Q.2- Name any two steps that were taken by Akbar to popularise his policy of Sulh-i-kul. 

Ans. (i) He abolished pilgrimage tax in 1563. 

(ii) He also abolished Jazya in 1564. 

Q3. Name the Mughal emperor who reimposed Jazya and when ?

Ans. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb re-imposed Jazya in 1679. 

Q.4- What do you know about Jahanara? What was her contribution in architectural projects?

 Ans. (i) She was the daughter of Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan and sister of Roshanara.

 (ii) She designed an imposing double storeyed caravan-serai having a garden and a courtyard in the new capital of Shah Jahan. 

Q.5- Which work was done by Mir Bakshi and his office? 

Ans. (i) Mir Bakshi was the paymaster in the Mughal court. In the Mughal court, he stood on the right side of the emperor and used to present all candidates for appointment. 

(ii) The officer of the Mir Bakshi prepared orders bearing his seal and signature as well as those of the emperor. 

Q.6- Who started practice of Jharoka darshan? What was his objective behind it? 

Ans. (i) The practice of Jharokha darshan was started by Mughal Emperor, Akbar. 

(ii) His objective behind it was to broaden the acceptance of the imperial authority as part of popular faith. 

Q.7- Who were Zat and Sawar? 

Ans. (i) Zat and Sawar were the ranks awarded to the Mughal officials. 

(ii) Zat represents the position in the imperial hierarchy and salary of the officials. 

Q.8- What is meant by the term 'Kitabkhana'?

 Ans. (i) The literal translation of the term Kitabkhana is library. 

(ii) It was a scriptorium, that is a place where the emperor's collection of manuscripts were kept and new manuscripts were produced.

 Q.9-Who built Fatehpur Sikri and Why? 

Ans. (i) Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri.

 (ii) As it was on direct road to Ajmer where the dargah of Shaikh Muinuddin Chishti, an important pilgrimage centre was located.

 (iii) The white marble tomb for Shaikh Salim Chishti was constructed next to majestic mosque. Buland Darwaja was also constructed by Akbar to remind visitors the Mughals victory over Gujarat. 

Q.10- In which language was the Babur memories written?

 Ans. (i) Babur's memories Tuzuk-i-Babun were originally written in Turkish.

 (ii) They were translated in Persian as 'BabarNama'. 

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF HISTORY

FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION
(VSATQ- 2 MARKS)

Q.1 When was the Indian constitution passed and enforced?

Ans.(i) The Indian constitution was passed on 26th November 1949. 

(ii) It was enforced on 26th January 1950.

Q.2 Describe the significance of Indian constitution. Give two important points.

Ans. The enactment and adoption of the constitution of India was a great event to important points are as follows:

(i) The constitution of India brought people of great diversity together at a scale unknown in human history.

(ii) It created the largest democracy and secular nation of the world.

Q.3 What is constitution?

Ans.(i) A constitution is a body ok well defined loss or rules to govern our state

(ii) It determines the right of citizens the power of the Government and how the government should governs the country.

Q.4 What is an unusual achievement for the Indian constitution?

Ans. (i) Over the half of a century no large social group or political party has ever question to the legitimacy of the constitution itself

(ii) This is an unusual achievement for the Indian constitution.

Q.5 Give any two reasons that underlined the need for strong centre.

Ans. The two important reasons for the strong centre are as follows:

(i) Strong centre would prevent separatist tendencies.

(ii) Strong centre will help better mobilization of resources for nation building.

Q.6 Why was our constitution enacted on 26 January 1950? Mention two reasons.

Ans. (i) In December 1929, the Congress in its Lahore session had decided to fight for Purna Swaraj or complete Independence.

(ii) 26 January 1930 was celebrated as Independence day. Therefore our constitution was enacted on 26 January 1950.

Q.7 What is the importance of constitution?

Ans. (i) It provides a framework within which a government has to work.

(ii) It controls the misuse of power by the government.

(iii) It safe cards are fundamental rights.

Q.8 What was the constitution assembly?

Ans. The drafting of the document called the constitution was done by an assembly of representatives called Constituent Assembly.

Q.9 Name the chairperson of drafting committee and President of the constituent assembly.

Ans. (i) Dr Rajendra Prasad was chosen as the President.

(ii) Dr B.R. Ambedkar was chosen as the chairperson of drafting committee of the constitution.

Q.10 give the names of proponents for a strong centre

Ans.(i) BR Ambedkar

(ii) Gopalswamy Ayyangar

(iii) Balakrishna Sharma

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF GEOGRAPHY

10 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF GEOGRAPHY HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: NATURE AND SCOPE

Wed, Jan 2, 7:12 PM (11 hours ago)

Q1. Explain the concept of Possibilism with examples. (A.l.2009, Foreign 2011)

Ans. With social and cultural development,humans develop better and more efficient technology. The movement from state of

sity to a state of freedom creating

possibilities with resources obtained from

environment. Example; Nature provides

opportunities and human beings make use of this opportunities by creating their imprints everywhere.

Q2. Explain the concept of Determinism'

with suitable examples. (Delhi 2009, 2011)

Ans. (i) In the beginning humans are hugely influenced by nature.

(ii)They were afraid of it's fury and worshipped nature.

(iii) Societies were largely influenced by nature.Nature determines their attitudes

decisions and lifestyles. Humans were

passive agents and nature dictates their lives as per determines.

Q3. Mention the six fields of human geography.(Foreign 2010)

Ans.The subfields of Human Geography are:

(i) Urban Geography

(ii) Political Geography

(iii) Settlement Geography

(iv) Economic Geography

(v) Social Geography

(vi) Population Geography

Q4.Mention the six sub-fields of economic. (Foreign 2010)

Ans. Sub-fields of economic geography are:

(a) Geography of Resources

(b) Geography of Agriculture

(c) Geography of International Trade

(d) Geography of Industries

(e) Geography of Marketing

(f) Geography of Tourism

Q5. Define Human Geography in your own words. Mention any four fields of Human geography.(CBSE 2013)

Ans. (i) Human geography is the study

of changing relationship between the

un-resting man and the unstable earth.

(ii) Human geography is the synthetic study of relationship between human societies and Earth's surface.

(iii)Human Geography offers a new conception of the interrelationships between earth and human beings.

Four fields of human Geography: social Geography; urban geography; political geography; Population geography.

Q6. Explain with examples, how nature

gets humanised.(CBSE 2014)

Ans. With social and cultural development,humans develop better and more efficient technology. They create new possibilities with the environment. Nature provides opportunities and humans avail of these opportunities. It is called 'Possibilism'.

Nature gives an opportunity and man

sustains it. In this way, gradually

humanisation of nature takes place and

imprints of human activities become

visible.

Example; health resorts on highlands,

huge urban sprawls, fields, orchards,

etc.

Q7. Explain the concept of Neo-Determinism.(Foreign 2009, A.l. 2011)

Ans. Neodeterminism reflects a middle

path between two ideas of environmental

determinism and possibilism. It means

that possibilities can be created within the limits which do not change the environment.

Humans can control nature by obeying them.

Q8. How does technology loosen the shackles of environment on human beings? Explain wit examples.

Ans. (i) The understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us discover fire.

(ii) The understanding of the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases. 

(iii) We use the laws of aerodynamics to develop faster planes.

Q9. The knowledge of nature is extremely important to develop technology." Support the statement by giving three examples. (CBSE 2015)

Ans. It is important to know with the help

of what tools and techniques do humans

produce and create. Technology indicates the level of educational development of society. Human beings were able to develop technology after they developed better understanding of natural laws.

(i) The understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us discover fire.

(ii) Understanding of the secrets of DNA and Genetics enabled us to conquer many diseases.

(iii) The laws of aerodynamics are used to develop faster planes.

Q.10 nature and humans are inseparable elements justify the statement with suitable examples (Delhi 2017).

Ans. Nature and human are inseparable the earth is the home of mankind. It may be in different forms all types of life supports are provided by nature the directly depend on nature nature and humans are inseparable and should be seen holistically. Physical features are described in metaphors using symbols from the human anatomy.

For example: face of earth, nose of glacier, eye of stone, mouth of river neck of isthmus, profile of soil etc.