IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL THEORY OF CLASS 11TH

FROM CHAPTER-3 EQUALITY

Q.1- What is equality?

Ans. Equality is not always about treating everyone the same – it is about treating people in such a way that the outcome for each person can be the same. It is about ensuring that every individual has an equal opportunity to make the most of their lives and talents, and believing that no one should have poorer life chances because of where, what or whom they were born, what they believe, or whether they have a disability. Equality recognises that historically, certain groups of people with particular characteristics e.g. race, disability, sex and sexuality, have experienced discrimination. 

Q.2-What’s the difference between natural and social inequalities?Ans- 

•  Natural inequalities are those that emerge between people as a result of their different capabilities and talents. These kinds of inequalities are considered to be the result of the different characteristics and abilities with which people are born and it is generally assumed that natural differences cannot be altered.

    For example- Physically disabled person,etc.

• Social inequalities on the other hand are those created by society. Certain societies may,for instance, value those who perform intellectual work over those who do manual work and reward them differently. They may treat differently people of different race,caste,gender,colour,etc. So,this we called social inequalities.

 Q.3-What are the three dimensions of equality?
  Ans. Three dimensions of equality are: Economic, Social                  and Political Equality.

•     Political equality means granting equal citizenship to all members of the state equal citizenship provides certain basic rights such as right to vote, freedom of expression movement and association and freedom of belief to everybody. They can participate in the affairs of the country.      

•     Social equality means provision of equality in society. Equality of opportunities need to be provided so that minimum quality of life can be achieved.
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•     Economic equality means granting equal economic opportunities to all.

Q.4- Explain feminism?

FEMINISM

Ans. Feminism started with the idea that human rights should be given to women. This idea was put forward by some philosophers in the 18th and 19th centuries such as Mary  Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill. Feminism is a political doctrine of equal rights for women and men. Feminists are those men and women who believe that many of inequalities we see in society between men and women are neither natural nor necessary and can be altered so that both women and men can lead free and equal lives.

Q.5-What is Marxism?

KARL MARX

Ans. Marxism is an economic and social system based upon the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism is the system of socialism of which the dominant feature is public ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange.

Q.6- Explain term socialism?

Ans. Socialism is an economic theory of social organisation that believes that the means of making, moving, and trading wealth should be owned or controlled by the community as a whole. In Marxist theory, it is a transitional (temporary, in between) social state between capitalism and communism.

SOCIALISM IDEOLOGY

Q.7- Explain affirmative action?

         Ans. Affirmative action is a policy initiative in which a person's nationality, sex, religion, and caste are taken into account by a company or a government organisation to extend employment or education opportunities. By initiatives like these, the government plans to increase opportunities provided to underprivileged citizens. Affirmative action policies are aimed at increasing opportunities for those groups of people which have been neglected by the society. They are mainly focused on providing employment and education opportunities. For example- reservation in jobs to OBC/SC/ST.